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# Anvil
**Arduino project generator and build tool -- forges clean embedded projects.**
**Forge clean, testable Arduino projects from a single command.**
A single binary that scaffolds self-contained Arduino projects with hardware
abstraction, Google Mock infrastructure, and a streamlined build/upload/monitor
workflow. Works on Linux and Windows.
Anvil generates self-contained Arduino projects with hardware abstraction,
test infrastructure, sensor libraries, and a complete build/upload/test
workflow. Once generated, the project stands alone -- Anvil is a scaffolding
tool, not a runtime dependency.
Generated projects are fully standalone -- they only need `arduino-cli` in
PATH. The Anvil binary is a scaffolding and diagnostic tool, not a runtime
dependency.
<p align="center">
<img src="docs/terminal-demo.svg" alt="Anvil terminal demo" width="720"/>
</p>
Anvil is a [Nexus Workshops](https://nxlearn.net) project.
Anvil is a [Nexus Workshops](https://nxlearn.net) project, built for FTC
robotics teams and embedded systems students.
## Install
---
Download the latest release binary for your platform:
## Getting Started
```bash
# Linux
chmod +x anvil
sudo mv anvil /usr/local/bin/
# Windows -- add anvil.exe to a directory in your PATH
```
### Install
Download the release binary for your platform and add it to your PATH.
Then run first-time setup:
```bash
anvil setup
```
This checks for `arduino-cli`, installs the `arduino:avr` core, and verifies
your system is ready. If something is missing, Anvil tells you exactly what
to do.
This installs `arduino-cli` and the `arduino:avr` core. If something is
already installed, Anvil skips it. Run `anvil doctor` at any time to
check your environment.
## Your First Project
Create a project, plug in your board, and upload:
### Create a project
```bash
anvil new blink
cd blink
```
On **Linux/macOS**:
That's it. You have a complete project with build scripts, a HAL interface,
mock infrastructure, and a starter test file. Plug in your board and run:
```bash
./build.sh # compile only (verify)
./build.sh # compile (verify it builds)
./upload.sh # compile + upload to board
./upload.sh --monitor # compile, upload, open serial monitor
./monitor.sh # serial monitor (no compile)
./test/run_tests.sh # host-side unit tests (no board needed)
./monitor.sh # serial monitor
./test.sh # host-side tests (no board needed)
```
On **Windows**:
```bat
build REM compile only
upload REM compile + upload
upload --monitor REM compile, upload, open serial monitor
monitor REM serial monitor
test\run_tests REM host-side unit tests
```
On Windows, use `build.bat`, `upload.bat`, `monitor.bat`, `test.bat`.
Every script reads settings from `.anvil.toml` -- no Anvil binary required.
Every script reads its settings from `.anvil.toml` in the project root.
You edit that file to change the board, baud rate, include paths, or
compiler flags. No Anvil binary required for any of this -- students clone
the repo, plug in a board, and run `upload`.
---
## Telling Anvil Which Board to Use
## Templates
When you run `upload` without specifying a port, Anvil's scripts auto-detect
the board. They prefer USB serial ports over legacy motherboard COM ports,
which is usually the right thing. But if you have multiple boards plugged in,
or you want a consistent setup, you can pin a specific device.
### See what's connected
The default `basic` template gives you a blank canvas. For a richer starting
point, use a composed template:
```bash
anvil devices
anvil new weather_station --template weather --board uno
```
This lists every serial port with its board name, protocol, and -- for USB
devices -- its VID:PID identifier. The VID:PID is a pair of hex codes that
uniquely identifies the USB chip on your board (e.g. `0403:6001` for an FTDI,
`1a86:7523` for a CH340).
### Save a default device
The weather template builds on basic, adding a `WeatherApp` with a TMP36
temperature sensor driver, managed example tests demonstrating both mock and
simulator patterns, and student test starters. To see available templates:
```bash
anvil new --list-templates
```
Templates are pure data -- each is a directory with a `template.toml`
declaring its base, required libraries, and per-board pin defaults. Adding
a new template requires zero Rust code changes.
---
## Libraries
Anvil ships sensor and actuator libraries, each with four files: an abstract
interface, a hardware implementation, a test mock, and a deterministic
simulator.
```bash
anvil add tmp36 --pin A0 # analog temperature sensor
anvil add button --pin 2 # digital pushbutton with debounce sim
```
See what's available and what's installed:
```bash
anvil lib --available # all libraries in the registry
anvil lib # libraries installed in this project
```
Remove a library:
```bash
anvil remove tmp36
```
Each library installs to `lib/drivers/<name>/` with its test file in `test/`.
The `CMakeLists.txt` auto-discovers driver directories, so adding a library
immediately makes it available to your tests.
### The mock/sim split
Every library provides two test doubles:
- **Mock** -- Returns exact values you set. Use in unit tests to verify your
application logic calls the sensor correctly and responds to specific values.
- **Simulator** -- Returns realistic values with configurable noise, bounce,
or drift. Use in system tests to verify your code handles real-world
sensor behavior (jitter, debounce timing, averaging).
This split teaches the difference between interaction testing and behavioral
testing -- a concept that transfers directly to professional software
development.
---
## Pin Management
Anvil knows the pinout of every supported board. Assignments are validated
at the command line, not when you discover a wiring bug at 9 PM.
```bash
anvil pin --assign led 13 --mode output
anvil pin --assign tmp36_data A0 --mode analog
anvil pin --assign spi --cs 10 # SPI bus with chip-select
anvil pin --assign i2c # I2C (pins auto-resolved)
```
Generate a `pins.h` header with `#define` constants:
```bash
anvil pin --generate
```
Audit your wiring against library requirements:
```bash
anvil pin --audit
```
Pin assignments are stored per-board in `.anvil.toml`, so switching between
an Uno and a Mega doesn't lose your wiring for either.
---
## Board Profiles
A single project can target multiple boards:
```bash
anvil board --add mega
anvil board --add nano --baud 57600
anvil board --default mega
```
Each board gets its own `[boards.<name>]` section in `.anvil.toml` with FQBN,
baud rate, and independent pin assignments. Scripts use the default board
unless you pass `--board`:
```bash
./upload.sh --board nano
```
List available presets:
```bash
anvil new --list-boards
```
---
## Device Detection
Anvil's scripts auto-detect your board, but you can pin a specific device:
```bash
anvil devices # list connected boards
anvil devices --set # auto-detect and save to .anvil.local
anvil devices --set COM3 # save a specific port
anvil devices --set # auto-detect the best port and save it
```
Both forms write a `.anvil.local` file in your project directory. This file
stores the port name *and* the VID:PID of the device on that port. It looks
like this:
The `.anvil.local` file stores both the port name and the USB VID:PID. If
your board moves to a different port (common on Windows), the scripts find
it by VID:PID automatically.
```toml
# Machine-specific Anvil config (not tracked by git)
port = "COM3"
vid_pid = "0403:6001"
```
---
The `.anvil.local` file is gitignored by default. Each machine that works on
the project keeps its own copy with its own port assignment.
## Refresh and .anvilignore
### Why VID:PID matters
On Windows, if you unplug a USB device and plug it back in to a different
port, it often gets a new COM number (COM3 becomes COM5). The VID:PID
doesn't change -- it's baked into the USB chip. When the scripts see a
VID:PID in `.anvil.local`, they search for that device on whatever port
it's currently on. If it moved, you'll see:
```
info Device 0403:6001 found on COM5 (moved from COM3)
```
No manual intervention needed.
### Check what's saved
When you upgrade Anvil, existing projects still have old infrastructure.
Refresh updates managed files without touching your code:
```bash
anvil devices --get
anvil refresh # dry run -- shows what would change
anvil refresh --force # update managed files
```
This shows the saved port and VID:PID for the current project, whether the
device is currently connected, and whether it has moved to a different port.
### What's protected
### Port resolution priority
An `.anvilignore` file (generated automatically) protects student-authored
files from refresh. The defaults protect:
When the scripts need a port, they check in this order:
- Your test files (`test/test_unit.cpp`, `test/test_system.cpp`)
- Your application code (`lib/app/*`)
- Your sketch (`*/*.ino`)
- Your config (`.anvil.toml`)
- Your project files (`.gitignore`, `README.md`, `.editorconfig`, etc.)
1. **`-p` flag** -- `upload.bat -p COM3` always wins
2. **VID:PID** from `.anvil.local` -- finds the device regardless of port number
3. **Saved port** from `.anvil.local` -- fallback if VID:PID lookup fails
4. **Auto-detect** -- prefers USB serial over legacy COM ports
Managed infrastructure (build scripts, mock headers, CMakeLists.txt, library
drivers, template example tests) gets updated. Missing files are always
recreated, even without `--force`.
### Specifying a project directory
Both `--set` and `--get` default to the current directory, but you can point
them at another project:
### Fine-grained control
```bash
anvil devices --set COM3 -d ../other-project
anvil devices --get -d ../other-project
anvil refresh --ignore "test/my_helper.h" # protect a custom file
anvil refresh --unignore "test/test_unit.cpp" # allow refresh to update it
anvil refresh --force --file test/test_unit.cpp # one-time override
```
## Updating Project Scripts
Patterns support globs: `test/*.cpp`, `lib/app/*`, `*.h`.
When you upgrade Anvil, your existing projects still have the old build
scripts. The `refresh` command updates them to the latest versions without
touching your source code, configuration, or test files:
---
```bash
anvil refresh # check current project (dry run)
anvil refresh --force # overwrite differing scripts
anvil refresh ../other-project # check a different project
## Project Structure
```
your-project/
your-project/your-project.ino Sketch (thin shell, no logic)
lib/
hal/
hal.h Hardware abstraction (pure virtual)
hal_arduino.h Real Arduino implementation
app/
your-project_app.h Your application logic (testable)
drivers/
tmp36/ Sensor driver (interface/impl/mock/sim)
button/ Actuator driver (same pattern)
test/
mocks/
mock_arduino.h Arduino API shims for host compile
mock_hal.h Google Mock HAL
sim_hal.h Stateful simulator HAL
test_weather.cpp Managed example tests (refreshable)
test_unit.cpp Your unit tests (protected)
test_system.cpp Your system tests (protected)
test_tmp36.cpp Library driver tests
CMakeLists.txt Fetches Google Test, compiles tests
build.sh / build.bat Compile sketch
upload.sh / upload.bat Compile + upload to board
monitor.sh / monitor.bat Serial monitor
test.sh / test.bat Run host-side tests
.anvil.toml Project config (tracked by git)
.anvil.local Machine-specific port (gitignored)
.anvilignore File protection rules for refresh
```
Refresh only replaces build infrastructure: `build.sh`, `build.bat`,
`upload.sh`, `upload.bat`, `monitor.sh`, `monitor.bat`, `_detect_port.ps1`,
and `test/run_tests.sh`, `test/run_tests.bat`. It never touches `.anvil.toml`,
`.anvil.local`, your `.ino` files, HAL headers, app code, mocks, or test
sources.
The key architectural rule: application code in `lib/app/` depends only on
the `Hal` interface, never on `Arduino.h`. The sketch creates the real HAL
and passes it in. Tests create a mock or simulator HAL instead. This is
constructor injection -- the simplest form of dependency inversion.
## What Anvil Does vs. What the Project Does
| Need Anvil for | Don't need Anvil for |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| `anvil new` (create project) | `./build.sh` (compile) |
| `anvil setup` (install core) | `./upload.sh` (flash) |
| `anvil doctor` (diagnose) | `./monitor.sh` (serial) |
| `anvil devices` (port scan) | `./test/run_tests.sh` (test) |
| `anvil refresh` (update scripts)| |
Once a project is created, Anvil is optional for daily work.
---
## Commands
| Command | Description |
|----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
| `anvil new NAME` | Create a new project with HAL and test scaffold |
|---|---|
| `anvil new NAME [--template T] [--board B]` | Create a new project |
| `anvil new --list-templates` | Show available templates |
| `anvil new --list-boards` | Show available board presets |
| `anvil setup` | Install arduino-cli and AVR core |
| `anvil doctor` | Check system prerequisites |
| `anvil devices` | List connected boards and serial ports |
| `anvil devices --set [PORT]` | Save default port + VID:PID to .anvil.local |
| `anvil devices --get` | Show saved port for this project |
| `anvil refresh [DIR] [--force]` | Update project scripts to latest templates |
| `anvil doctor [--fix]` | Check system prerequisites |
| `anvil devices [--set] [--get] [--clear]` | Manage serial port assignment |
| `anvil add NAME [--pin P]` | Install a device library |
| `anvil remove NAME` | Remove a device library |
| `anvil lib [--available]` | List installed or available libraries |
| `anvil pin --assign NAME PIN [--mode M]` | Assign a pin |
| `anvil pin --generate` | Generate pins.h header |
| `anvil pin --audit [--brief]` | Check wiring against library requirements |
| `anvil pin --capabilities` | Show board pin capabilities |
| `anvil pin --init-from BOARD` | Copy pin assignments from another board |
| `anvil board --add NAME [--id FQBN] [--baud N]` | Add a board profile |
| `anvil board --remove NAME` | Remove a board profile |
| `anvil board --default NAME` | Set the default board |
| `anvil refresh [--force] [--file P] [--ignore P] [--unignore P]` | Update project infrastructure |
## Project Structure
Every generated project follows the same layout:
```
your-project/
your-project/your-project.ino Entry point (setup + loop)
lib/
hal/
hal.h Hardware abstraction interface
hal_arduino.h Real hardware implementation
app/
your-project_app.h Application logic (testable)
test/
mocks/
mock_hal.h Google Mock HAL
sim_hal.h Stateful simulator HAL
test_unit.cpp Unit tests
CMakeLists.txt Test build system
run_tests.sh / .bat Test runner
build.sh / build.bat Compile sketch
upload.sh / upload.bat Compile + upload to board
monitor.sh / monitor.bat Serial monitor
_detect_port.ps1 Port detection helper (Windows)
.anvil.toml Project config (tracked by git)
.anvil.local Machine-specific config (gitignored)
```
All hardware access goes through the `Hal` interface in `lib/hal/hal.h`.
Application code in `lib/app/` depends only on `Hal`, never on `Arduino.h`
directly. This means the app logic compiles and runs on the host for testing
with Google Mock -- no board required.
---
## Configuration
### .anvil.toml (tracked by git)
Shared project settings. Edit this to change the board, baud rate, or
compiler flags:
```toml
[project]
name = "blink"
name = "weather_station"
anvil_version = "1.0.0"
template = "weather"
[build]
fqbn = "arduino:avr:uno"
default = "uno"
warnings = "more"
include_dirs = ["lib/hal", "lib/app"]
include_dirs = ["lib/hal", "lib/app", "lib/drivers/tmp36"]
extra_flags = ["-Werror"]
[monitor]
[boards.uno]
fqbn = "arduino:avr:uno"
baud = 115200
[boards.mega]
fqbn = "arduino:avr:mega:cpu=atmega2560"
baud = 115200
[libraries]
tmp36 = "0.1.0"
[pins.uno]
tmp36_data = { pin = 14, mode = "analog" }
```
### .anvil.local (not tracked by git)
Machine-specific settings, created by `anvil devices --set`:
### .anvil.local (gitignored)
```toml
port = "COM3"
vid_pid = "0403:6001"
```
---
## Building from Source
```bash
cargo build --release
```
The release binary is at `target/release/anvil` (Linux) or
`target\release\anvil.exe` (Windows).
Binary at `target/release/anvil` (Linux) or `target\release\anvil.exe`
(Windows). Requires Rust 2021 edition.
The test suite:
```bash
cargo test
```
615 tests (137 unit + 478 integration), ~4 seconds, zero warnings.
---
## License

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<tspan x="16" class="pr">$</tspan>
<tspan class="cm"> anvil new weather_station --template weather --board uno</tspan>
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<text y="78" class="l" opacity="0" style="animation: t2 24s infinite"><tspan x="16" class="ok"> create</tspan><tspan class="fl"> weather_station/weather_station/weather_station.ino</tspan></text>
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<text y="222" class="l dm" opacity="0" style="animation: t11 24s infinite"><tspan x="16"> ... 28 more files</tspan></text>
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<tspan class="cm"> ./upload.sh --monitor</tspan>
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